FINAL QUARTER OF CONVICT SHIP REGISTER 1850-1868

DONATIONS REQUIRED TO ASSIST WITH THE RUNNING OF THIS SITE. PAYMENTS CAN BE MADE VIA PAYPAL TO ray.j.warren@hotmail.com ANY AMOUNT WILL DO.

                                                                        1850. 
copyright R.J.Warren 2011-2012 

‘ELIZA IV’ Built 1815 at Calcutta. Wood ship of 682 Tons. She carried 60 male convicts to Norfolk Island. She landed 4 male convicts at Sydney on the 3^rd of April 1850 and then landed 56 male convicts at Norfolk Island on the 30^th of April 1850. Two of the convicts she had landed at Sydney, were sent by Coastal shipping to Hobart. She had no deaths en-route. She departed London on the 24^th of December 1849 and arrived at Norfolk Island on the 30^th of April, 1850. Master: Captain Daniel. Surgeon: John Andrews. 

           2nd and last direct shipment of convicts to Moreton Bay
‘BANGALORE’ Built 1843 at Jersey. Wood barque of 877 Tons. She carried 296 male convicts to Moreton Bay [Brisbane] and had four deaths en-route. She departed Spithead, England on the 7^th of January, 1850 and arrived at Moreton Bay on the 30^th of April 1850. Master: Captain William Morgan. Surgeon: William Jones. 

CONVICTS TO HOBART AND ETC [CONTINUED]

‘ST VINCENT’ Built 1829 at London. Wood ship of 630 Tons. She carried 207 female convicts to Hobart and had two deaths en-route. She departed the Downs [Kent] on the 19^th of December 1849 and arrived in Hobart on the 4^th of April 1850. Master: Captain John Young. Surgeon: Thomas Sommerville. 

‘NEPTUNE’ III. Built 1814 at Calcutta. Wood ship of 644 Tons. She carried 282 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania. She departed England in January 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 5^th of April 1850. Master: Captain Henderson. Surgeon: Thomas Gibson. Owned by Mangles and Co. Reg. London. Master: Captain Ferris while in passenger service from 1844.She did two voyages with convicts but she was mostly a passenger ship on the London-Sydney service. 

‘EARL GREY’ Built 1835 at Newcastle, England. Wood barque of 571 Tons. She carried 240 female convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had four deaths en-route. She departed Dublin on the 17^th of December 1849 and arrived in Hobart on the 9^th of May 1850. Master: Captain H. E. Lansdowne. Surgeon: John Ferrier. 

‘BLENHEIM II’ Built 1845 at Shields. Wood ship of 808 Tons. She carried 193 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had four deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 6^th of May 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 24^th of July 1850. Master: Captain Alexander Molison. Surgeon: Charles Henry Fuller. 

‘BARETTO JUNIOR’ Built 1818 at Calcutta, India. Wood barque of 522 Tons. She carried 190 female convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had four deaths en-route. She departed England in 1850 and she arrived in Hobart on the 25^th of July 1850.Master: Captain J. Huggins. Surgeon: R.W. Clarke. 

‘SCINDIAN’ Built at Sunderland in 1844. Wood barque of 650 Tons. She carried 75 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed Portsmouth, England on the 4^th of March 1850 and arrived at Fremantle on the 1^st of June 1850. Master: Captain Jasper Cammell. Surgeon: John Gibson. 

‘MARIA SOMES’ Built 1841 at Yarmouth, England. Wood barque of 786 Tons. She carried 257 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had two deaths en-route. She departed Portsmouth on the 6^th of May 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 8^th of August 1850. Master: Captain Henry I. Naylor. Surgeon: J. G Williams. 

‘HASHEMY’ Built 1817 at Calcutta, India. Wood barque of 523 Tons. She carried 100 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed Portland, England on the 22^nd of July 1850 and arrived in Fremantle on the 25^th of October 1850. Master: Captain John Ross. Surgeon: John W. Bowler. 

‘NILE II’ Built 1849 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 763 Tons. She carried 300 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had one death en-route. She departed Portland, England on the 5^th of July 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 3^rd of October 1850.Master: Captain George N. Liversay. Surgeon: John Kidd. 

‘DUKE OF CORNWALL’ Built 1843 at Bristol. Wood ship of 580 Tons. She carried 200 female convicts to Hobart and had two deaths en-route. She departed Dublin in July 1850 and arrived Hobart on the 27^th of October 1850. Master: Captain John Whitehead. Surgeon: Charles Smith. 

‘WILLIAM JARDINE’ Built 1836 at Liverpool. Wood ship of 671 Tons. She carried 261 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had one death en-route. She departed Portland, England on the 12^th of August 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 14^th of November 1850. Master: Captain Jasper Raitte. Surgeon: John Campbell. 

‘RODNEY’ Built 1850 at Sunderland, England. Wood ship of 877 Tons. She carried 312 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had four deaths en-route. She departed Portland, England on the 23^rd of August 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 28^th of November 1850. Master: Captain Alexander Maclean. Surgeon: Frederick W. le Grand. 

‘HYDERABAD’ Built 1842 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 815 Tons. She carried 287 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had no deaths en-route. She departed Queenstown, Ireland on the 13^th of September 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 13^th of December 1850. Master: Captain T. A. Castle. Surgeon: T Keown.

                                                               1851. 

‘EMMA EUGENIA’ Built 1836 at Whitby. Wood barque of 383 Tons. She carried 170 female convict to Hobart, Tasmania and had no deaths en-route. She departed London on the 30^th of October 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 7^th of March 1851. Master: Captain F. T. Davies. Surgeon: John Bower. 

‘MERMAID’ Built 1817 at Calcutta, India. Wood barque of 473 Tons. She carried 209 male convict to Fremantle, Western Australia and had one death en-route. She departed Portsmouth, England on the 9^th of January, 1851 and arrived in Fremantle on the 13^th of May 1851. Master: Captain J.P. Anderson. Surgeon: Alexander Kilroy. 

‘LONDON’ Built 1833 at London. Wood ship of 612 Tons. She carried 288 male convicts to Hobart and had three deaths en-route. She departed Dublin on the 20^th of December 1850 and arrived in Hobart on the 10^th of March 1851. Master: Captain J. Sceales. Surgeon: J. Booth. 

‘PYRENEES’ Built 1851 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 916 Tons. She carried 296 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had three deaths en-route. She departed Torbay, England on the 30^th of March 1851 and arrived in Fremantle on the 28^th of June 1851. Master: Captain Thomas Eagles. Surgeon: Alexander C. Macleroy. 

‘LADY KENNAWAY’ Built 1817 at Calcutta. Wood barque of 584 Tons. She carried 250 male convicts to Hobart and had one death en-route. She departed Portsmouth on the 5^th of February 1851 and arrived in Hobart on the 28^th of May 1851. Master: Captain J. Santry. Surgeon: J. Caldwell. 

‘MINDEN’ Built 1848 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 916 Tons. She carried 302 convicts to Fremantle and had one death en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 21^st of July 1851 and arrived in Fremantle on the 14^th of October 1851. Master: Captain R. D. Crawford. Surgeon: John Gibson. 

‘BLACKFRIAR’ Built 1848 at Sunderland. Wood barque of 621 Tons. She carried 261 female convicts to Hobart and had one death en-route. She departed Dublin, Ireland on the 24^th of January 1851 and arrived in Hobart on the 29^th of May 1851. Master: Captain T. Greaves. Surgeon: John Moody. 

‘CORNWALL’ Built 1811 at Calcutta. Wood barque of 872 Tons. She carried 300 male convicts to Hobart and had one death en-route. She departed Portsmouth on the 24^th of February 1851 and arrived in Hobart on the 11^th of June 1851. Master: Captain Maundrell. Surgeon: David Geddes. 

‘AURORA II’ Built 1843 at Sunderland. Wood barque of 536 Tons. She carried 232 female convicts to Hobart and had three deaths en-route. She departed London on the 26^th of April 1851 and arrived in Hobart on the 10^th of August 1851. Master: Captain Valentine Ryan. Surgeon: W. B. Jones. 

‘BLENHEIM II’ Built 1845 at Shields. Wood ship of 808 Tons. She carried 310 male convicts to Hobart and had two deaths en-route. She departed Cork, Ireland on the 29^th of July 1851 and arrived in Hobart on the 31^st of October 1851. Master: Captain Alexander S. Mollison. Surgeon: John Smith. 

‘RODNEY’ Built 1850 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 877 Tons. She carried 300 male convicts to Hobart and had no deaths en-route. She departed Queenstown, Ireland on the 24^th of September 1851 and arrived at Hobart on the 20^th of December 1851. Master: Captain Alexander MacLean. Surgeon: Frederick W. Le Grand.

                               1852. 

‘ANNA MARIA’ [2^nd voyage] Built 1836 at Calcutta, India. Wood barque of 421 Tons. She carried 200 female convicts to Hobart and had four deaths en-route. She departed Woolwich on the 6^th of October 1851 and arrived at Hobart on the 26^th of January 1852. Master: Captain Edward M. Smith. Surgeon: W. McCrea. 

‘MARION’ Built 1834 at Calcutta. Wood ship of 684 Tons. She carried 280 male convicts to Fremantle and had one death en-route. She departed Portland on the 2n^d of November 1851 and arrived at Fermentable on the 30^th of January 1852. Master: Captain Alexander Bissett. Surgeon: Frederick W. Le Grand. 

‘ABOUKIR’ Built 1846 at Sunderland. Wood barque of 816 Tons. She carried. 280 male convicts to Hobart and had one death en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 28^th of December 1851 and arrived in Hobart on the 20^th of March 1852. Master: Captain John Cowell. Surgeon: Benjamin Bynoe. 

‘WILLIAM JARDINE’ Built 1836 at Liverpool. Wood ship of 671 Tons. She carried 212 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 3^rd of May 1852 and arrived at Fremantle on the 1^st of August 1852. Master: Captain J. Raiff. Surgeon: J. Donnet. 

‘JOHN WILLIAM DARE’ Built 1832 at Cringa. Wood barque of 291 Tons. She carried 172 female convicts to Hobart and had three deaths en-route. She departed Dublin on the 28^th of December 1851 and arrived at Hobart on the 22^nd of May 1852. Master: Captain Thomas Walters. Surgeon: Robert W. Clarke. 

‘FAIRLIE’ Built 1812 at Calcutta. Wood barque of 756 Tons. She carried 294 male convicts to Hobart and had two deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 11^th of March 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 3^rd of July 1852. Master: Captain Edward Pavey. Surgeon: Edward Nolloth. 

 ‘SIR ROBERT SEPPINGS’ Built 1844 at Moulmein, India. Wood ship of 628 Tons. She carried 220 female convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had one death en-route. She departed
Woolwich on the 18^th of March 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 8^th of July 1852. Master: Captain R. S. Stewart. Surgeon: L. S. Cunningham. 

‘PESTONJEE BOMANJEE’ Built 1835 at Dumbarton, Scotland. Wood barque of 595 Tons. She carried 291 male convicts to Hobart and had three deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 18^th of April 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 31^st of July 1852. Master: Captain Edward Montgomery. Surgeon: Daniel Ritchie. 

‘LORD DALHOUSIE’ Built 1847 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 912 Tons. She carried 324 male convicts to Hobart and had two deaths en-route. She departed Cork, Ireland on the 30^th of April 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 14^th of August 1852. Master: Captain W.T. Ferris. Surgeon: Charles Anderson. 

‘MARTIN LUTHOR’ Built 1840 at Greenock, Scotland. Wood barque of 450 Tons. She carried 212 female convicts to Hobart and had no deaths en-route. She departed Dublin on the 8^th of June 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 1^st of September 1852. Master: Captain Kenneth Ross. Surgeon: Thomas Crawford. 

‘LADY MONTAGU’ Built 1848 at Southampton, England. Wood ship of 763 Tons. She carried 200 male convicts to Hobart and had 10 deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 9^th of August 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 9^th of December 1852. Master: Captain Andrew Cheyne. Surgeon: Samuel Donnelly. 

‘EQUESTRIAN’ Built 1842 at Hull. Wood ship of 801 Tons. She carried 294 male convicts to Hobart and had four deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 1^st of September 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 16^th of December 1852. Master: Captain M.C. Loney. Surgeon: Alexander Cross.

                                                                 1853. 

‘DUDBROOK’ Built 1848 at Dundee, Scotland. Wood ship of 601 tons. She carried 229 male convicts to Fremantle and had one death en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 22^nd of November 1852 and arrived at Fremantle on the 7^th of February 1853. Master: Captain John Jones. Surgeon: Charles W. Keveru. 

‘PYRENEES’ Built 1851 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 832 Tons. She carried 296 male convicts to Fremantle and had three deaths en-route. She departed England on the 2^nd of February 1853 and arrived at Fremantle on the 30^th of April 1853. Master: Captain B. Freeman. Surgeon: John Bower. 

‘LORD AUCKLAND’ Built 1836. Wood barque of 628 Tons. She carried 248 male convicts to Hobart and had two deaths en-route. She departed Cork, Ireland on the 29^th of September 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 29^th of January 1853. Master: Captain George Thompson. Surgeon: J. Davidson. 

 ‘RODNEY’ Built 1850 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 877 Tons. She carried 342 male convicts to Hobart and had three deaths en-route. She departed Cork, Ireland on the 24^th of November 1852, arrived at Hobart on the 12^th of February 1853. Master: Captain Alexander MacLean. Surgeon: Joseph Caldwell. 

‘ROBERT SMALL’ Built 1835 at Newcastle, England. Wood ship of 655 Tons. She carried 312 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had nine deaths en-route. She departed London on the 1^st of May 1853 and arrived at Fremantle on the 19^th of August 1853. Master: Captain J. H. Walker. Surgeon: Harvey Morris. 

‘ORIENTAL QUEEN’ Built 1842 at Cork, Ireland. Wood ship of 645 Tons. She carried 280 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had three deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth, England on the 4^th of November 1852 and arrived at Hobart on the 19^th of February 1853. Master: Captain S.R. Thomas. Surgeon: David Geddes. 

 ‘PHOEBE DUNBAR’ Built 1850 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 704 Tons. She carried 295 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had ten deaths en-route. She departed Kingstown on the 2^nd of June 1853 and arrived in Fremantle on the 30^th of August 1853. Master: Captain T. Michie. Surgeon: John W Bowler. 

‘MIDLOTHIAN’ Built 1835 at Sunderland. Wood barque of 414 Tons. She carried 168 female convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had two deaths en-route. She departed Dublin on the 17^th of November 1852 and arrived in Hobart on the 24^th of February 1853. Master: Captain J. Gibson. Surgeon: David Thomas. 

‘DUCHESS OF NORTHUMBERLAND’ Built 1834 at Sunderland. Wood barque of 541 Tons. She carried 219 female convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had three deaths en-route. She departed Woolwich, England on the 28^th of November 1852 and arrived in Hobart on the 21^st of April 1853. Master: Captain George Mitchell. Surgeon: Charles Smith. 

‘ST VINCENT’ Built 1829 at London. Wood ship of 630 Tons. She carried 212 male convicts to Hobart, Tasmania and had five deaths en-route. She was the last ship to bring convicts direct to Hobart. She departed Spithead, England on the 17^th of January 1853 and arrived in Hobart on the 28^th of May 1853.Master: Captain John Young. Surgeon: Thomas Sommerville. She was the last convict ship to sail to Hobart, Tasmania, ending 51 years of convict transportation to that island.

                       End of transportation to Tasmania.

                                                1854. 

 ‘SEA PARK’. Built 1845 at Shields. Wood ship of 835 Tons. She carried 304 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed London on the 1^st of January 1854 and arrived at Fremantle on the 5^th of April 1854. Master: Captain Thomas Spedding. Surgeon: Josiah Caldwell. 

‘RAMILLIES’ Built 1845 at Sunderland. Wood barque of 757 Tons. She carried 277 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had two deaths en-route. She departed London on the 20^th of May 1854 and arrived at Fremantle on the 7^th of August 1854. Master: Captain Charles Hodder. Surgeon: Daniel Ritchie.

                                                                       1855. 

‘STAG’ Built 1843 at Sunderland. Wood barque of 678 Tons. She carried 225 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had one death en-route. She departed London on the 5^th of February, 1855 and arrived at Fremantle on the 23^rd of May 1855. Master: Captain H.N. Clarke. Surgeon: unknown. 

‘ADELAIDE’. Built 1832 at Calcutta. Wood ship of 640 Tons. She carried 260 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had one death en-route. She departed Portland on the 19^th of April 1855 and arrived at Fremantle on the 18^th of July 1855. Master: Captain M. Longman. Surgeon: S. Donnelly.

                                               1856.
  
‘WILLIAM HAMMOND’. Built 1853 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 683 Tons. She carried 250 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had one death en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 5^th of January 1856 and arrived at Fremantle on the 29^th of March 1856. Master: Captain Horatio Edwards. Surgeon: George D. MacLaren. 

‘RUNNYMEDE’ Built 1854 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 720 Tons. She carried 248 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 15t^h of June 1856 and arrived at Fremantle on the 7^th of September 1856. Master: Captain William Burrows.

                                                                      1857. 

‘CLARA’ Built 1853 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 708 Tons. She carried 262 male convicts to Fremantle and had no deaths en-route. She departed London on the 19^th of March 1857 and arrived at Fremantle on the 3^rd of July 1857. Master: Captain Henry Peachey.

                                  1858.
 ‘NILE’ II. Built 1849 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 763 Tons. She carried 270 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 23^rd of September 1857 and arrived at Fremantle on the 1^st of January 1858. Master: Captain W. Johnson. 

‘LORD RAGLAN’ Built 1854. Wood ship of 756 Tons. She carried 270 male convict to Fremantle, Western Australia and had two deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 5^th of Mach 1858 and arrived at Fremantle on the 1^st of June 1858. Master: Captain Thomas Hybert. Surgeon: John Brown. 

 ‘EDWIN FOX’ Built 1853 at Sulkeah, Bengal Province, India. Named after a East India Company financial convenor. Built by Thomas Reeves for the East India Company but was kept by the builder. Sold to Duncan Dunbar in an 1854 auction for 30,000 Pounds. Used as Crimea war transport until late 1855. Wood ship [Teak] of 892 Tons. Length: 144.8 ft. Breadth: 29.8 ft. Depth: 23.6 ft. Last of the many East India Company ships. In 1858, she carried 280 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 26^th of August 1858 and arrived in Fremantle on the 20^th of November 1858. Master: Captain Joseph Ferguson. Sold in 1862 to Gallatly, Hankey and Co and placed on the Australian run. Shaw, Savill and Albion Co of New Zealand who placed her on the New Zealand run chartered her. Later Captains were Walpole and Davis. Shaw Savill bought the ship in 1885 for 2,500 Pounds and they then put her into the frozen meat trade into which she retired from ocean voyages. She was used as a freezer for sheep carcases until in 1905, she then became a coal hulk and landing stage. In 1950, her Poop and Forecastle were removed and a loading jetty was built over the top of her at Picton, New Zealand. Strangely, a ship that had been used to keep men under lock and key, was now and for many years, imprisoned beneath the unfeeling timbers of a colonial jetty. The ‘Edwin Fox’ was rediscovered in 1964 and was dragged out of her prison by Mr Norman Brayshaw and his Edwin Fox Restoration Society.. Today, she floats in a nearby bay and like Humpty Dumpty, is waiting for finances and someone to put her together again. 

                 Convict register for the ship ‘Edwin Fox’ 
Arrived Fremantle, Western Australia 20^th November 1858. 280 Male Convicts.
Name Where Convicted.
Allen James Sussex.
Anderson James Central Criminal Court.
Annakin William Yorkshire.
Atkins Thomas Warwick.
Audley Edward Yorkshire.
Baker James Essex.
Baker William Yorkshire.
Baldwin Joseph Kent
Barr David Ayr.
Barry Frederick Warwick.
Bartlett William Dorsett
Barton George Kent.
Bassett William Warwick.
Bates John Derby.
Beckford William Southampton.
Bell John Yorkshire.
Bell George Yorkshire.
Beresford William Yorkshire 
Berrenhard Marcus Edinburgh.
Bickmore Joseph Central Criminal Court.
Birnie James Aberdeen [Scotland]
Bishop John Nottingham.
Booth Richard Stafford.
Bowen John Wiltshire.
Brant Thomas Stafford.
Bresnahan Patrick Middlesex.
Bridgeman John Isle of Man.
Brooks William Essex.
Bromley Thomas Lancashire.
Brown Thomas Huntingdon.
Brunton William Edinburgh.
Bryan John Central Criminal Court.
Bunney George Hertford.
Burgess James Central Criminal Court.
Burke Patrick Middlesex.
Burns Thomas Warwick.
Burston William Somerset.
Burton Tobias Sussex.
Bushell Thomas Malta [Courts Martial]
Cannish Frederick Hertford
Campbell Peter Cheshire.
Capewell John Derby
Carr James Central Criminal Court.
Cecil John Warwick.
Chapman Bedford Halifax, Nova Scotia.[Courts Martial]
Chiverall Joseph Central Criminal Court.
Chockledy Joseph Middlesex.
Chowney? James Surrey.
Clarke William Barbados [Courts Martial]
Cochrane William Edinburgh.
Collochen Michael Lancashire.
Compton John Central Criminal Court.
Connell Daniel Central Criminal Court.
Cooke David Central Criminal Court.
Crabb William Dorset.
Croker James Central Criminal Court.
Davieson John Durham.
Davis Edwin Surrey.
Davis James Worcester.
Davy Patrick Cumberland.
Day Francis Cambridge.
Devlin James Lancashire.
Dodd Edward Warwick.
Dower John Central Criminal Court.
Dowson William Durham.
Draper John Yorkshire.
Duff Peter Lancashire.
Duisdale William Yorkshire.
Dunn Henry Kingston on Hull.
Dunstory Shadrack Aylesbury [Buckingham]
Edgecumbe John Exeter.
Elkins Thomas Warwick.
Edwards Charles Warwick.
Edwards Henry Norfolk.
Edwards William Lancashire.
Ellison Melville Isle of Man.
English Patrick Quebec [Courts Martial]
Essex William Warwick.
Evans John Glamorgan.
Fawell John [alias John Wright] Leeds.
Ferguson Robert Stirling.
Finch Edward Bedford.
Fish Philby Central Criminal Court.
Fisher Thomas Durham.
Foster John Lancashire.
Fraser John Dumfriesshire.
Freeland Brian Lawson Northumberland.
Garner Joseph Alesbury. [Buckingham]
Garrett John Central Criminal Court.
Geary James Central Criminal Court.
Gibbons Thomas Glasgow.
Glossop James Mauritis [Courts Martial]
Golden Frederick Middlesex.
Graham William Cumberland.
Gray William Warwick.
Griffith Thomas Glamorgan.
Green Henry Nottingham.
Green John Lancashire.
Gully John Leeds.
Hackett William Lancashire.
Hamilton Charles Gibralter [Court Martial]
Hammond Thomas [alias John Saul] Nottingham.
Harradine John Bedford.
Harris William Surrey.
Hartley Joseph Central Criminal Court.
Hayes William Gloucester.
Hendry James Glasgow.
Hignett Henry [alias James Baker] Cheshire.
Hillman William Sussex.
Hodgkinson William Nottingham.
Hodgson William Leeds.
Hoffman Patrick Lancashire.
Homer Joseph Sussex.
Howard Robert Essex.
Hoy James Lancashire.
Hoyle John Lancashire.
Hulse William Derby.
Humphreys William Stafford.
Hutchison Peter Jedburgh.
Hutton David Derby.
Hyland Bernard Halifax, Nova Scotia [Courts Martial]
Jago John Exeter.
Janssen Hans Kent
Jackson Thomas Leeds.
Jobson Henry Forton [Courts Martial]
Johnson John Cambridge.
Johnson Thomas Northumberland.
Jones John Yorkshire.
Jones Thomas Warwick.
Jordan Enoch Lancashire.
Keane George Cheshire.
Kearney Thomas [alias’ Gibbon, McDear, Giblin] Durham.
Kelly Timothy Guernsey.
Kemp John Sussex.
Kilner William Lancashire.
King Edward Central Criminal Court.
King James Mauritis [Courts Martial]
Kirkwood James Glasgow.
Kyrne Robert Yorkshire.
Lane William Gloucester.
Leach William Lancashire.
Levy Phillip Central Criminal Court.
Little Charles Glasgow.
Livingstone Robert Middlesex.
Lowes John Cumberland.
MacDonald John Lancashire.
McDonald Alexander Glasgow.
McDonald Hector Inverary.
McDonald Joseph Southampton.
McCarthy John Central Criminal Court.
McCormack James Malta [Courts Martial]
McCormick John Central Criminal Court.
Mace Thomas Huntingdon.
Mann George Middlesex.
Manning William Middlesex.
Marsh James Halifax, Canada [Courts Martial]
Martin Thomas Surrey.
Mason George [alias David Rodson] Worcester.
Melbourne Charles Central Criminal Court.
Mellor James Yorkshire.
Messenger William Lancashire.
Millard Thomas Somerset.
Miller James Glasgow.
Miller James Cambridge.
Miller James Kent.
Milner William Yorkshire.
Mordley Thomas Durham.
Morris John Stafford.
Murray Thomas [or Tom, alias Tom Trainer] Edinburgh.
Nelson William Lancashire.
Norris Joseph Surrey.
Oliro Henry Stafford.
O’Neil Glasgow.
Oppenheime Jacob Cheshire.
Orr Hugh Exeter.
Orr John Glasgow.
Osman Frederick Southampton.
Owen Thomas [alias Radley] Surrey.
Parker James Central Criminal Court.
Parker John Yorkshire.
Parker Joshua Lancashire.
Partridge Charles Warwick.
Patrick William Yorkshire.
Peake Edward [alias Wilcox and Williams] Denbeigh.
Pearce William Central Criminal Court.
Pilkington Entwistle Lancashire.
Platt James Lancashire.
Polley George Essex.
Ponting George Sussex.
Powell Charles Worcester.
Ramsey Elijah Essex.
Reade John Cheshire.
Redpath Leopold Central Criminal Court.
Riley Bernard Northumberland.
Roan Patrick Liverpool.
Robinson Matthew [alias George Smith] Yorkshire.
Robson James Central Criminal Court.
Rogers Thomas Lancashire.
Rorke Jeffrey Suffolk.
Rushton George Derby.
Samuel Edward Stirling.
Scully John Central Criminal Court.
Sharp Jolin Henry Gloucester.
Sherwood Thomas Yorkshire.
Shilling Thomas Kent.
Shoesmith Robert Lancashire.
Showell Frederick Warwick.
Shipley Ralph. Derby.
Simpson Joseph Northumberland.
Smith George Central Criminal Court.
Smith John Cambridge.
Smith John Jedburgh.
Smith Thomas Cheshire.
Smith William Devon.
Speed Joseph Liverpool.
Stafford Richard Lancashire.
Stewart John Perthshire.
Stillman Joseph Gloucester.
Stott James Liverpool.
Steward William Southampton.
Storey James Leeds.
Stubbs James Cheshire.
Suffins Thomas Derby.
Sylvester John Yorkshire.
Taylor James Devon.
Taylor James Southampton.
Taylor John Herbert Central Criminal Court.
Tester William George Central Criminal Court.
Thomas William Devon
Thompson John Derby.
Tipper Thomas Montreal, Canada [Courts Martial]
Tombs Charles Warwick.
Tomkins William Central Criminal Court.
Tonks Henry Warwick.
Tranter Patrick Worcester.
Turner Yorkshire.
Tyrell Richard Norfolk.
Voiles William Warwick.
Walker John Lancashire.
Wallace William Southampton.
Walsh James Warwick.
Walton Thomas Warwick.
Warburton John Lancashire.
Ward James Lancashire.
Wardle Charles Lancashire.
Watts Henry John Central Criminal Court.
Webb William [alias Philip Levy] Central Criminal Courts.
Weir William Malta [Courts Martial]
Welch Peter Southampton.
White Phillip Buckingham.
Wickstead William Lancashire.
Willetts Thomas Lancashire.
Williams Charles Central Criminal Court.
Williams George Anglesey
Williams James Derby.
Williams John Central Criminal Court.
Williams John Middlesex.
Williams Richard Kent.
Williams Thomas Central Criminal Court.
Williams Thomas Durham.
Williamson William Nottingham.
Wilson Andrew Shepherd Edinburgh.
Wilson George Lancashire.
Wilson John Central Criminal Court.
Wilson Joseph Manning Edinburgh.
Woollon Thomas Derby.
York John Colombo [Courts Martial]
Young Andrew [alias William Young] Stafford.
Young Arthur Lancashire.

The convict ship ‘Edwin Fox’ is still afloat as a hulk at Picton, New Zealand. She is in the care of the local restoration society and it is believed that they are trying to restore her. If this can be done, she would surely become a tourist attraction for many thousands of families who had their forebears arrive in Australia and New Zealand. She was not only a convict ship, she was also heavily involved in the passenger trade

                                           1859.
  

‘SULTANA’ Built 1854 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 775 Tons. She carried 224 male convicts to Fremantle and had no deaths en-route. She departed Plymouth on the 29^th of May 1859 and arrived at Fremantle on the 19^th of August 1859.Master: Captain Arthur Sharp.

                                                               1861. 


‘PALMERSTON’ Built 1853 at Moulmein, India. Wood ship of 978 Tons. She carried 296 male convicts to Fremantle and had three deaths en-route. She departed Portland on the 10^th of November 1860 and arrived at Fremantle on the 11^th of February 1861.Master: Captain J. N. Seagrove.

                                         1862.
 ‘LINCELLES’ Built 1858 at Moulmein, India. Wood ship of 904 Tons. She carried 306 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia She had two deaths en-route. She departed Portland, England on the 5^th of October 1861 and arrived at Fremantle on the 28t^h of January 1862. Master: Captain Edwin Gooch. Surgeon: William Crawford. 

‘NORWOOD’ Built 1854 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 786 Tons. Length: 160 ft. Breadth: 31.2 ft. Depth: 20.5 ft. She carried 290 male convicts to Fremantle and had no deaths en-route. She departed Portland on the 16^th of March 1862 and arrived at Fremantle on the 9^th of June 1862. Master: Captain Frank Bristow. Surgeon: A. Watson. 

‘YORK’ II. Built 1854 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 940 Tons. Length: 172 ft. Breadth: 32.5 ft. Depth: 21.6 ft. She carried 300 male convicts to Fremantle and had one death en-route. She departed Portland on the 8^th of October 1862 and arrived in Fremantle on the 31^st December 1862. Master: Captain C. Breacey. Surgeon: unknown. 

   
                                        1863.
  
‘MERCHANTMAN’. Built 1852 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 1018 Tons. Length: 175 ft. Breadth: 34 ft. Depth: 22 ft. She carried 259 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had two deaths en-route. She departed London on the 12^th of October 1862 and arrived in Fremantle on the14th of February 1863. Master: Captain William Gardiner. Surgeon: William Smith.

CONVICT MUSTER for the ship ‘MERCHANTMAN’               
10^th October 1862. 
All convicts were ex Bermuda.
Name. Where Convicted.
 Ainsley William Williamson Yorkshire.
Allanson William Staffordshire.
Allen Charles George Lancashire
Allen James Perth, Scotland.
Allen Stephen Yorkshire.
Allsop Robert Bermuda [Courts Martial]
Anderson Alexander Aberdeen, Scotland.
Atwell Henry Central Criminal Court
Bacon Thomas Fuller Lincoln.
Bain William Lancashire.
Baker Robert Leicester.
Baker Samuel Kent.
Barlow William Warwick.
Barnes Henry Montgomeryshire.
Barrow George Central Criminal Court.
Bartell Alfred Gloucester.
Bevon Henry [or Bevan] Nottingham.
Bickle John Devon.
Black Henry Lincoln.
Bolyne John Central Criminal Court.
Boyce William Ireland.
Breresford George [Beresford?] Chester.
Brooks James Southampton.
Brown Charles Staffordshire.
Brown James Perth, Scotland.
Brown Richard Staffordshire.
Brown William Ireland.
Burgess Isaac Gloucester.
Burnside William Durham.
Byford James Exeter.
Callaghan Austin [alias Thomas Williams] Suffolk.
Campbell James [Courts Martial]
Campbell John Edinburgh, Scotland.
Carpenter Michael Bermuda [Courts Martial]
Clark William Yorkshire.
Clarke James Staffordshire.
Cloudley Thomas Gloucester.
Coleman James Devon
Collins Joseph Central Criminal Court.
Connolly Martin Central Criminal Court.
Cooley Robert Edinburgh, Scotland.
Cooper Richard Essex.
Cosgrove Peter Lancashire.
Coyle James Perth, Scotland.
Coyne George Warwick.
Cullen Patrick Ireland.
Davis Henry Glamorgan.
Davis James Middlesex.
Davis William Kent.
Douglas John Edinburgh, Scotland.
Duffy Patrick [Courts Martial]
Duthort James Yorkshire.
Eades Charles Surrey.
Earp Thomas Warwick.
Edwards George Warwick.
Edwards John Lancashire.
Ellam Thomas Yorkshire.
Elliott Samuel Bermuda [Courts Martial]
Enstone Robert Central Criminal Court.
Fahey John Ireland.
Faure Thomas Central Criminal Court.
Flecher Alfred Lancashire.
Fraser Peter Edinburgh, Scotland.
Gadd Henry Sussex.
Gibson David Hertford.
Gleadall James Yorkshire.
Glenn William Nottingham.
Goddard Samuel Southampton.
Goff William Central Criminal Court.
Golding William Staffordshire.
Goodfellow John Southampton.
Greaves Frederick Central Criminal Court.
Gunn William Perth, Scotland.
Harmer George Kent.
Harris John Glamorgan.
Hathaway John Kent.
Henfrey George Lincoln.
Hershaw Richard Yorkshire.
Hiram Edward Lancashire.
Hirst Richard Yorkshire.
Hitchcock Henry Essex.
Hodgekinson James Derby.
Hogg William Lancashire.
Hood Charles [of Flood] Southampton.
Hughes James Northumberland.
Hunt Robert Central Criminal Court.
Jackson Edward Central Criminal Court.
Jenkinson Samuel Lancashire.
Johnson Francis Kent.
Johnson Thomas Yorkshire.
Jones James Warwick.
Jones William Central Criminal Court.
Jones Thomas Buckingham.
Jones Thomas Hertford.
Katt or Kall William Northumberland.
Kebito William Charles Cambridge.
Kellaway Joseph [alias Job Oliver] Southampton.
Kelly Edward Lancashire.
Kerr Thomas Edinburgh, Scotland.Kilroy Patrick Lancashire.
Kinnear James Ireland.
Leary John Ireland.
Leggett James Suffolk.
Levy Patrick Ireland.
Lockett Thomas Norfolk.
Lush William Dorset.
McBride James Bermuda [Courts Martial]
McDonald Hugh Edinburgh, Scotland.
McDonald James Edinburgh, Scotland.
McInnes William Ireland.
McKinnon Archibald Glasgow, Scotland.
McMulkin James Edinburgh, Scotland.
McMully John Staffordshire.
McRae Alexander Perth, Scotland.
McSparrow Archibald Edinburgh, Scotland.
MacAnerney John Lancashire.
MacDonald Alexander Lincoln.
MacKenzie John Lancashire.
MacMahon John Lancashire.
Maddox Sampson Warwick.
Mahon James Yorkshire.
Maley George Central Criminal Court.
Mallaney Peter [alias Maloney] Staffordshire.
Maloney James Bermuda [Courts Martial]
Marney Alexander Central Criminal Court.
Marsden [Courts Martial]
Mew John Nottingham.
Miles John Jedburgh, Scotland.
More John Lancashire.
Morfitt Henry Yorkshire.
Morris Charles Yorkshire.
Morris Joseph Chester.
Morrison Charles Glasgow, Scotland.
Mortimer John Yorkshire,
Mowbray Alfred Devon.
Muster Thomas Gloucester.
Naris William Central Criminal Court.
Oliver William Lemon Central Criminal Court.
Ostler Noah Norfolk.
Parke William [Courts Martial]
Pettitt Frederic Suffolk.
Potter Graham Kent.
Read William Warwick.
Reardon John Central Criminal Court.
Redfern William Central Criminal Court.
Robertson David Glasgow. Scotland.
Robinson James Devon.
Ryan Michael Ireland.
Ryan Timothy Ireland.
Salter Job Southampton.
Salter William Southampton.
Saville William Central Criminal Court.
Scott James Glasgow.
Slater James Southampton.
Smith Edward Southampton.
Smith James Lancashire.
Smith John [Courts Martial]
Smith John Lancashire.
Smith Samuel Derby.
Snow William Middlesex.
Sparrow George [alias George Williams] [Courts Martial]
Sparrow Thomas Leicester.
Stevenson William Lancashire.
Summers Robert Cambridge.
Swasage Henry Central Criminal Court.
Taite Samuel Ireland.
Tarrey Thomas Leicester.
Taylor Henry Warwick.
Thomas George Yorkshire.
Tilley Francis Leicester.
Tozer Frederick Somerset.
Wade William Yorkshire.
Walka Henry Yorkshire.
Waters Henry Kent.
White Alfred [alias Smith] Lincoln.
Williams George Lincoln.
Williams Thomas [alias John Rice] Suffolk.
Wilson Joseph Huntingdon.
Wilson Thomas Central Criminal Court.
Wilson William Glasgow.
Wood Henry Central Criminal Court.
Woolcomb Joseph Middlesex.
Woolley John Chester.
Woolley Thomas Worcester.
Wray Joseph Ireland.
Wrightson Joseph Yorkshire.
Wyatt John Oxford.

Almost all convicts registered on the ‘Merchantman’, were either interned at Bermuda or were soldiers convicted during court martials in Bermuda. The vessel loaded her convicts in London after they had been transported there for shipment to Australia. Many of them had already served much time in relation to their sentences. 

‘CLYDE’ Built 1860 at Glasgow. Iron ship of 1151 Tons. Length: 214.1 ft. Breadth: 33.1 ft. Depth: 22.6 ft. She carried 320 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed Portland England, on the 15^th of March 1863 and arrived in Fremantle on the 29^th of May 1853. Master: Captain Henry Stephens. Surgeon: William Crawford. 

‘LORD DALHOUSIE’. Built 1847 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 912 Tons. Length: 146.9 ft. Breadth: 33.6 ft. Depth: 22 ft. She carried 270 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed Portland England, on the 25^th of September 1863 and arrived in Fremantle on the 28^th of December 1863. Master: Captain George Harvey.

                                                                    1864. 

‘CLARA’ Built 1853 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 708 Tons. Length: 144.5 ft. Breadth: 30 ft. Depth: 20 ft. She carried 301 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had no deaths en-route. She departed London on the 11^th of January 1864 and arrived in Fremantle on the 13^th of April 1864.Master: Captain R Burrows. 

‘MERCHANTMAN’ Built 1852 at Sunderland. Wood ship of 1018 Tons. Length: 175 ft. Breadth: 34 ft. Depth: 22 ft. She carried 259 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had two deaths en-route. She departed Portland, England on the 1^st of July 1864 and arrived in Fremantle on the 12^th of September 1864. Master: Captain William Gardiner. Surgeon: William Smith.

                                                                1865. 


‘RACEHORSE’ Built 1853 at Jersey. Wood ship of 1077 Tons. Length: 209.3 ft. Breadth: 36.1 ft. Depth: 20 ft. She carried 280 male convicts to Fremantle and had two deaths en-route. She departed Portland England, on the 26t^h of May 1865 and arrived in Fremantle on the 10^th of August 1865. Master: Captain M. H. Seward. Surgeon: A. Watson. 

‘VIMIERA’. Built 1851 at Sunderland, England. Wood ship of 941 Tons. Length: 165.7 ft. Breadth: 33.6 ft. Depth: 22.9ft. She carried 279 male convicts to Fremantle, Western Australia and had one death en-route. She departed Portland, England on the 39^th of September 1865 and arrived in Fremantle on the 22^nd of December 1865. Master: Captain Malcolm Green. Surgeon: William Crawford.

                                                                 1866. 

 ‘BELGRAVIA’ Built 1862 at Sunderland, England. Wood ship of 889 Tons. Length: 169 ft. Breadth: 34.5 ft. Depth: 21.2 ft. She carried 277 male convicts to Perth, Western Australia and had one death en-route. She departed Portland England, on the 7^th of April 1866 and arrived in Perth on the 4^th of July 1866. Master: Captain John E.W. Jackson. 

‘CORONA’ Built at Dundee in 1866. Composite ship of 1199 Tons. Length: 209.6 ft. Breadth: 35 ft. Depth: 22 ft. She carried 308 male convicts to Perth, Western Australia and had three deaths en-route. She departed Portland England, on the 16^th of October 1866 and arrived in Perth on the 22^nd of December 1866.Master: Captain William S. Crudace. Surgeon: William Crawford.

                                            1867.
  
‘NORWOOD’ Built 1854 at Sunderland, England. Wood ship of 786 Tons. She carried 254 male convicts to Perth, Western Australia and had one death en-route. She departed Portland, England on the 18^th of April 1867 and arrived in Perth on the 13^th of July 1867. Master: Captain Frank Bristow. Surgeon: W. M. Saunders.

                                           1868.
 ‘HOUGOMONT’ Built 1852 at Moulmein, India. Wood ship of 875 Tons. Length: 167.5 ft. Breadth: 34 ft. Depth: 23 ft. She carried 280 male convicts to Perth, Western Australia. She departed London on the 12^th of October 1867 and arrived in Perth on the 8^th of January 1868. Master: Captain William Cozens. 

                                         CONVICT MUSTER 
 For the ship ‘HOUGOMONT’ arrived Perth 1868.
 Name Where sentenced
Abraham Patrick Lancashire.
Aher Jeremiah Cork [Ireland]
Allen Henry Cornwall.
Allison David Glasgow.
Anderson Charles Central Criminal Courts.
Armstrong John Glasgow.
Auderton William Lancashire.
Austin Charles Kent.
Austin William Middlesex.
Austin Henry Carnarvonshire.
Backnell Frederick Central Criminal Courts.
Baines Thomas Dublin [Ireland]
Baker Charles Courts Martial [Rio de Janiero, Brazil]
Baker John Norfolk.
Banks John Lancashire.
Barnett John Yorkshire.
Barrett Cornelius Central Criminal Courts.
Bell William Carnarvonshire.
Bell William [alias John Burnip] Durham.
Berry Joseph Lancashire.
Betts Thomas Nottinghamshire.
Berwick Thomas Central Criminal Courts.
Birch Henry Warwickshire.
Black Robert [or Back] Dundee.
Blow Alfred Glasgow.
Bowler Thomas [alias Cullinane] Cork [Ireland]
Brannow Edward Lancashire.
Brophy Hugh Francis Dublin [Ireland]
Bryant Samuel Court Royal [Jersey]
Busfeld James Yorkshire.
Byrne Patrick Manchester.
Callaghan Edward Kent.
Campbell James Courts Martial[Halifax, Nova Scotia]
Campbell James [alias Michael Berry] Inverness.
Carey Alexander Scotland. [Edinburgh]
Carter John Carnarvonshire.
Casey John [alias John B Casey] Cork. [Ireland]
Cashman Denis Dublin [Ireland]
Cassidy William Glasgow
Cave Robert Central Criminal Courts.
Clark George Cambridge
Cochrane Thomas Manchester. Died 16/12/1867 on voyage.
Coe Horace Surrey.
Coles Richard Manchester.
Colkett George Courts Martial. New Brunswick [Canada]
Connel Daniel Stafford.
Connolly John Court Royal [Jersey]
Connolly Peter Court Royal [Jersey]
Cooney Daniel Courts Martial [New Zealand]
Corbett Jeremiah Courts Martial [New Zealand]
Corkerly Cornelius Lancashire.
Costello Patrick Kirkdale.
Cowper George Southampton.
Cranston Robert Courts Martial Dublin [escaped from W.A.]
Cronin John Central Criminal Courts.
Cummins David Cork [Ireland]
Darbyshire William Derbyshire.
Darragh Thomas Courts Martial [Cork, Ireland]
Davies Henry Middlesex.
Davies William Carmarthenshire
Delaney Thomas Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland]
Delore Frederick Middlesex.
Derage Silas Somerset.
Dickerson Henry Surrey.
Dixon John Middlesex.
Donahue John Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland]
Donavon Jeremiah Cork [Ireland]
Douglas Thomas Lancashire.
Douglas William Lancashire.
Downey Simon Cork [Ireland]
Duggan Thomas Cork [Ireland]
Dunne Patrick Dublin [Ireland]
Eaton William Yorkshire.

Eden George Manchester.
Edge Christopher Liverpool.
Ellis John Yorkshire.
Ellis Joshua Yorkshire.
Esposito Guiseppe Southampton.[Winchester]
Farrell Patrick Durham.
Farrington Jeremiah Manchester.
Fennell Thomas Clare [Ireland]
Fercough Isaac Yorkshire.
Flood James Dublin [Ireland]
Foggarty Thomas Tipperary [Ireland]
Foley John Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland]
Foley William Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland]
Fowler Judd Norfolk.
Fullam Laurence Louth [Ireland]
Fullam Luke Louth [Ireland]
Gabbites Henry Yorkshire.
Gaffin David Durham.
Gairdelli Joseph Central Criminal Courts.
Geary Eugene Cork [Ireland]
Ginty Michael Yorkshire.
Gooding William Surrey.
Gordon Alexander Glasgow.
Gordon George Glasgow
Gordon Henry Court Royal [Jersey]
Gray John Lancashire.
Green James Yorkshire.
Hall John Manchester.
Hammond John Henry Hertfordshire.
Hampshire John Yorkshire.
Harmsworth Charles Middlesex.
Harrington Michael Courts Martial [Dublin,Ireland]
Hassett Thomas Courts Martial Dublin [escaped from W.A.]
Hatton James Stafford.
Hawkins William Middlesex.
Haynes Benjamin Stafford.
Healy David Lancashire.
Henry James Lancashire.
Hewitt William Worcester.
Higgins William Carnarvonshire.
Hogan Martin Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland]
Holderworth Lionel Central Criminal Courts.
Holland Henry Lancashire.
Hooper Edwin Gloucestershire.
Hopkins Thomas Carnarvonshire.
Horve James Manchester.
Hudson George. Leicester.
Hudson Robert Durham.
Hurrell Richard Stafford.
Hustinvale Philip Carnarvonshire.
Jellis John Northampton.
Johnson Saunders Suffolk.
Jones Benjamin Glamorganshire.
Jones George Central Criminal Courts.
Jones Henry Denbeighshire.
Jones John Shropshire.
Jones John Rowland Denbeighshire.
Jones Samuel Manchester.
Jones Thomas Manchester.
Jones William Worcester.
Joyce David Cork [Ireland]
Jubb Joseph Yorkshire.
Kane Cornelius Dwyer Cork [Ireland]
Kearney James Cork [Ireland]
Keatinge Patrick Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland]
Keilly James Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland.
Kelly Edward [alias John Edward Kelly] Cork [Ireland]
Kelly James Middlesex.
Kerly John Glamorganshire.
King Thomas Lancashire.
Kenneally John Cork [Ireland]
Kilroy Henry Warwickshire.
Kingstone George Kent.
Lahey Patrick Tipperary [Ireland]
Leeson Charles Lancashire.
Lester Edwin Surrey.
Lines Thomas Warwickshire.
Lockwood John Central Criminal Courts.
Lombard Eugene Cork [Ireland]
Longhurst Charles Sussex.
Lucas William Kent.
Lynch John Courts Martial [Dublin,Ireland]
McCarthy Daniel Lancashire.
McCormick Owen Liverpool.
McCoy James Courts Martial [Dublin,Ireland]
McFadyen Thomas Lancashire.
McGuire Neil Glasgow.
McSwiney Morgan [McSweeney?] Cork [Ireland]
Malone Edward Courts Martial [Lucknow]
Marchant James Stafford.
Marsh Daniel Derbyshire
Matthews John Surrey.
Matthewson Edward Middlesex.
May Robert Louth [Ireland]
Mitchell Oberdadam Yorkshire.
Molloy Samuel Courts Martial [New Zealand]
Moore Michael Dublin [Ireland]
Morelas Emanuel Middlesex.
Moriarty Bartholomew Cork [Ireland]
Morrisey Patrick Northumberland.
Mountford John Stafford.
Murphy Edward Central Criminal Courts.
Mustoro William Gloucestershire.
Myerscough Robert Lancashire.
Narey Martin Middlesex.
Newton John Thomas Carnarvonshire.
Norman William Lancashire.
O’Hara James Carnarvonshire.
O’Mahoney Cornelius Dublin [Ireland]
O’Reilly John Courts Martial Dublin [Ireland]
Osborne Frederick Carnarvonshire.
Parsons Frederick George Surrey.
Partridge Edwin Gloucestershire.
Patmore William Carnarvonshire.
Peacock Thomas Glasgow.
Pearce Robert Carnarvonshire.
*Peetslack Samuel [or Peet Slack]* Lancashire.
Proctor William Lancashire.
Reid James Perthshire.
Reid Robert Lancashire.
Rhodes William Lancashire.
Robinson John Lancashire. [Liverpool Assizes]
Robinson James Montgomeryshire.
Robinson Richard Suffolk.
Rogers Auguste Central Criminal Courts.
Rogers Joseph Lancashire.
Rowe Thomas Stafford.
Salter Peter Lancashire.
Sanderson John Lancashire.[Bolton]
Savage Thomas Yorkshire.
Scarrh William Yorkshire
Scott Alexander Glasgow.
Scott William Central Criminal Courts.
Shaw John Carnarvonshire.
Sherry Phillip Courts Martial [Halifax, Nova Scotia]
Shine John Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland]
Simms Arthur Warwickshire.
Simpson James Glasgow.
Sitzler Charles [alias Henry Canton] Central Criminal Courts.
Skewart Peter [alias John Skewart] Dundee.
Skilleen Patrick Courts Martial [Dublin,Ireland]
Skinner William Oxfordshire.
Slack Samuel Peet [or Peetslack]* Lancashire.
Smeddles George Cheshire.
Smith George Central Criminal Courts.
Smith Henry Manchester
Spelling Central Criminal Courts.
Spencer Charles [alias James Riley] Carnarvonshire.
Spencer William Middlesex.
Stewart James Scotland.[Ayr]
Stewart Daniel Glasgow.
Sullivan William Central Criminal Courts.
Taylor David Middlesex.
Taylor James Lancashire.[Salford]
Taylor William Essex.
Teague James Hertfordshire.
Tempest Edmund Yorkshire.
Thompson William Winchester.
Thompson William Courts Martial [Montreal]
Thornton John Liverpool.
Toakley George Central Criminal Courts.
Townley Thomas Courts Martial [Plymouth]
Treanor John Cheshire.
Tuck Henry Surrey.
Turner Thomas William Central Criminal Courts.
Turner William John Yorkshire.
Wager Edward Derbyshire.
Wall Patrick Louth [Ireland]
Walsh John Bennett Dublin [Ireland]
Warden James Kent.
Watkins Frederick Alexander Central Criminal Courts.
Wedgewood William Liverpool.
White John Surrey.
Whittaker John Manchester.
Wignall Samuel Lancashire.
Williams Charles Carmarthenshire.
Williams Henry Yorkshire.
Williams Kenrick Lancashire.
Wood James Surrey.
Wilson James Courts Martial [Dublin,Ireland]
Wilson Thomas Lancashire.[Salford]
Williams Robert Manchester.
Wrench Charles Warwickshire.
Wright Charles Central Criminal Courts.
Wright Charles Middlesex.
Young John Courts Martial [Dublin, Ireland]
Young George Worcester.

*This gentleman went by two names [Peetslack] and made it difficult for his captors to know which one was his own.

                                               The final cargo.
And so we come to the end of almost 100 years transportation of human beings to a land completely foreign to their way of life. This was a rather bad period for the English judiciary and the political system in use at the time.
The ‘Hougomont’ was the last ship to carry convicts to an enforced exile in Australia. Many of them were sent to the colonies for petty crimes that would not stand up in any court of today. But what better way to open up the colonies in the Americas, Africa and Australia?

England, while opposing black slavery, was actively using their own to populate and work the colonies at the lowest possible cost. Convicts were transferred around Australia on numerous coastal vessels, the ‘Governor Phillip’ being one such ship. She was capable of carrying many prisoners between ports. On one voyage from Sydney to Brisbane, she brought 61 convicts to the north.

The settlements of Sydney, Hobart, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth were all created by convict labour. Adelaide and its surrounding countryside did not go without the efforts of convict workers although none were shipped direct to that city from England.

It was convict labour that forged the beginnings of the cities that are now world-renowned. Yes there were murderers, thieves and cut-throats among the thousands of people transported but there were also many more thousands of innocents who were convicted of crimes that were clearly set up to help populate the Australian colony.

Children received seven to fourteen years for having a handkerchief that did not belong to them and anyone over fifty could not expect a trip home, for they were usually given life sentences. Australia has much to thank these unfortunates for; they were torn from their loved ones and families and went with heavy hearts to a far and foreign land. We can feel pride at the efforts of those remarkable people who were shipped halfway around the world, to an isolated wild country destined to be, within 200 years, a nation of people who excel at all tests put upon them.

It has become apparent while putting this work together, that many families in Britain and Ireland knew that they could start a new life in Australia and that by simply committing a small crime, they would receive free tickets to the colonies. The price was servitude for at least seven years but the rewards could be large in respect to land and home ownership that could only be dreamed of in the ‘auld country’.

Australia can be justly proud of what these people have become having had such humble beginnings. Their progeny now excel in sport, profit in business and justify themselves proudly and firmly in war. What other nation of twenty million [or more] can quote such a proud record of achievement. There are those who charge that Australia was built on the backs of convicted criminals, to them we say, look unto thyself, for you too, have probably been built in much the same way. 

Copyright Raymond J Warren 2012

THE MORETON BAY COLONY, CONVICT RUNAWAYS AND "THE JOINING"

            THE MORETON BAY COLONY

copyright  RJ Warren 2012
DONATIONS REQUIRED TO ASSIST WITH THE RUNNING OF THIS SITE. PAYMENTS CAN BE MADE VIA PAYPAL TO ray.j.warren@hotmail.com ANY AMOUNT WILL DO.

RAYMOND J WARREN, AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY MAKING "WILDFLOWER" THE BARBARA CRAWFORD THOMPSON STORY AND THIS ONLINE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF TALL SHIPS, THE "WARREN REGISTER OF COLONIAL TALL SHIPS", WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE THE FINAL REVISED EDITION OF "WILDFLOWER' TO ALL"REGISTER USERS  ON SPECIAL DISCOUNT. PLEASE INQUIRE BY EMAILING ray.j.warren@hotmail.com

HIS  25-YEAR RESEARCH THAT UNCOVERED THE "HISTORY MYSTERY" SURROUNDING BARBARA CRAWFORD THOMPSON AND HER TIME ALONE WITH HEADHUNTERS IN THE TORRES STRAIT FROM 1844 TO 1849, HAS CATAPULTED HIS BOOK TO FAME IN THE UK AND EUROPE. THE BOOK COVER IS SHOWN HERE  JUST IN CASE SOME OF HIS FOLLOWERS MIGHT LIKE TO PURCHASE A VERY GOOD HISTORIC READ. THE BOOK IS OF 264 PAGES WITH 50 ILLUSTRATIONS [8 IN FULL COLOR] THOSE INTERESTED IN THE BOOK IN HARD COVER OR PAPERBACK MIGHT LIKE TO CONTACT THE AUTHOR ON ray.j.warren@hotmail.com
Please assist by purchasing the book in support of this blog 

BARBARA THOMPSON CASTAWAY, ALONE WITH HEAD HUNTERS 

THE BOOK "WILDFLOWER" THE BARBARA CRAWFORD THOMPSON STORY COVERS THE LIFE OF BARBARA THOMPSON, A 12-YEAR-OLD SCOTTISH GIRL WHO WAS TAKEN FROM HER HOME IN SYDNEY IN MARCH 1843 AND AFTER SPENDING ALMOST TWO YEARS HIDDEN AWAY BY A CONVICT AT MORETON BAY, WAS FOUND LIVING WITH HEADHUNTERS IN THE TORRES STRAIT FIVE YEARS LATER  IN OCTOBER 1849 BY THE CREW OF THE BRITISH SURVEY SHIP HMS "RATTLESNAKE" CAPTAIN OWEN STANLEY.

THE BOOK WILDFLOWER IS THE RESULT OF 25 YEARS RESEARCH INTO THE LIFE OF BARBARA THOMPSON AND THE FINAL RESULTS ARE AMAZING. THE TRUE [AND CERTIFIED] TALE OF THIS YOUNG SCOTTISH LASSIE'S TRAUMATIC ADVENTURES WILL KEEP YOU ENTHRALLED AND TOTALLY AMAZED THAT HER STORY HAS BEEN A HISTORY MYSTERY FOR 160 YEARS. FURTHER DETAILS CAN BE FOUND ON THE BLOG TITLED "WILDFLOWER" THE BARBARA CRAWFORD THOMPSON STORY.

        

                  


                       THE MORETON BAY COLONY 
copyright R.J.Warren 2011-2012 

The first arrivals.
Pamphlet, Parsons and Finnegan, 1823.
From the very beginning of settlement, Northern New South Wales [later to become Queensland] was to have more than it's share of wild and very odd occurrences. Convicts first settled the colony at Brisbane in 1823/24 and the little colony was proclaimed in August 1826 after it was discovered officially by John Oxley, in November 1823 in the cutter HM ‘Mermaid’. 

But although John Oxley was given the credit,Thomas Pamphlet, John Finnegan and Richard Parsons who were cast away near the mouth of the Brisbane River, showed him the site in turn. Originally there were four in this group of convicts, they were four ticket-of-leave men who had set sail for the Five Islands somewhat to the south of Port Jackson, where they were to cut cedar wood for the colony at Sydney. They set out in an open boat but had the bad luck to run into a storm, which drove them out to sea. It took them three weeks to get back to the mainland, only to be wrecked on Moreton Island, near the present day city of Brisbane, Queensland.

One of the four men [Thompson] who set out on the 21^st of March 1823 died of thirst but the three others made landfall on Moreton island and were assisted by aboriginals, this help was paid for with what little food and clothing the three men had available. When John Uniacke [a guest of John Oxley while the expedition was trying to find a site for the penal colony] wrote of the finding of these men he stated. “On Sunday the 29^th of November 1823, we came to anchor in Pumice-stone River, Moreton Bay, within 150 yards of the shore. This was in the very place where Captain Flinders had anchored 22 years before… Scarcely was the anchor let go, when we perceived a number of natives advancing rapidly toward the vessel. On looking at them with the glass from the mast-head, I observed one who appeared much larger than the rest, and of a lighter colour. To our surprise and satisfaction, when opposite the vessel, the man hailed us in English. The boat was immediately launched and Messrs., Oxley, Stirling and I, went ashore in her”. While approaching the beach, the natives showed many signs of joy, dancing and embracing the white man, who was nearly as wild as they. He was perfectly naked, and covered all over with white and red paint, of which the natives make good use.
His name was Thomas Pamphlet; he had left Sydney on March 21^st 1823 to go to the Five Islands about fifty miles south of Port Jackson. After suffering hardships at sea in a storm in which one of their number died of thirst, they had at length been wrecked on Moreton Island, which forms one side of Moreton Bay, in the upper part of which we are now lying. He was so bewildered with joy that we could make out little of his story that night; so having distributed a few knives, handkerchiefs etc among the friendly blacks, we returned on board, taking him with us. He now informed us that his two surviving companions had traveled in company with him to where we had found him, and had then left about six weeks before resolving to prosecute their way toward Sydney, that Parsons had not been heard of since his departure. Mr. Oxley, on hearing that Finnegan was gone toward the south end of the bay, resolved to seek him…

Sunday afternoon. At low water, a man was observed walking out on a sandbank from the opposite shore toward us, holding in his hand a long stick with a skin on it; upon which I took the whaleboat and pulled toward him, when it proved to be Finnegan. Both he and Pamphlet concurring in a story they told us, of a large river, which they had crossed, falling into the south end of the bay, Messrs. Oxley and Stirling started next morning in the whale-boat taking Finnegan with them and four days provisions in order to explore it.”
One of the humorous things to come out of this happy encounter with the Moreton Bay aboriginals, was that for many years after, the natives were always asking for a type of biscuit that they called Faiv-ahlan [five island]. A more serious fact though, was that Thomas Pamphlet was arrested and tried for larceny a few weeks after he arrived back in Sydney and within another couple of weeks, he was back in Brisbane as a convict sent there for seven years. It is highly likely that the men were ticket-of-leave convicts when they set out to get timber, for the severity of the sentence, especially after the assistance he gave Oxley, was heavy and would have been afforded only if the crime were particularly bad in the circumstances.

It is probable that Pamphlet was sent back to Brisbane after being caught because he had good relations with the local aboriginals. After the death of Thompson, the three men became the first white men to land on Stradbroke Island, Moreton Island, Peel Island and also the first to land at Ormiston on the mainland. They had also landed on Bribie Island to the north and had then made their way back to Moreton Island where they separated. It would be of great interest to find what happened with Pamphlet when he was sent back at the Moreton Bay colony as a second offence prisoner. He would have certainly been a good source of information on the local natives. Especially for convicts who chose to escape the rugged treatment they received from their gaolers. In fact, one could safely assume that many of the runaway convicts received their schooling in the language of the local natives direct from Thomas Pamphlet.                                                                                                                           

           THE MORETON BAY SETTLEMENT                                                          [Building a Colony]                                                                                                                                                                                                                 AMITY’ Built 1816. Wood brig of 148 Tons. Length: 75.6 ft: Breadth: 21.5 ft. Depth: 11.5 ft. The wood brig ‘Amity’ sat at her moorings riding the gentle swell that came with the flat calm of a new moon over Sydney Harbour. She was a powerful little vessel, built for the rigors of the North Atlantic Ocean; she had been built seven years before in 1816 and had plied the Trans-Atlantic trade without so much as a single hitch. The ‘Amity’ was bought by the Ralston family of Wigtown, Scotland, they had decided to buy their own vessel to ship their household goods and family, lock, stock and barrel to Australia. They departed Scotland in late November 1823 and arrived in Sydney in May 1824. They probably opted for a quiet voyage out to avoid the risk of shipwreck. Private vessels of her size could easily complete the voyage in three to four months. On June 10^th 1824, the Sydney Gazette reported that the Government of New South Wales intended to form a settlement at Moreton Bay or a nearby vicinity. With this point in view, the government bought and equipped the ‘Amity’ with every description of Provisions and Stores to last the little settlement for a period of six months. The Colonial Botanical Gardener, Mr. Fraser, selected tropical fruit plants, viz. Pineapples, Mangoes, Lemons, Oranges, Loquats, Bananas and Guavas etc. Seeds were also sent such as Cabbage, Lettuce, French Beans, Turnips and Pumpkins. A small schooner was set on her deck for use in surveying the Brisbane River. The ‘Amity’ was placed under the captaincy of Captain Penson and she departed Sydney on the 1^st of September 1824, bound for Moreton Bay. Those who went with her were: THE ‘AMITY’ PERSONNEL 1824. John Oxley. Surveyor-General of New South Wales.                                                                      Allan Cunningham. Kings Botanist and Explorer                                                                         Robert Hoddle. Assistant Surveyor                                                                                               Lieutenant Henry Miller. Commandant.                                                                                              Lt. Millers wife and two children.                                                                                                             Walter Scott. Storekeeper/Surgeon.                                                                                             Lieutenant Butler. Commander of the 40^th Regiment which consisted of a Sergeant, Corporal and 12 Privates with their wives.                                                                                                             Twenty-nine convicts were sent aboard to get the land cleared and the settlement made ready for further convicts to arrive. The convicts who sailed aboard the ‘Amity’ were:                                FIRST CONVICTS FOR BRISBANE                                                                                              Convict Name Occupation.                                                                                                                         John Anderson ------- Sailmaker                                                                                                      Thomas Bellington ----- Baker                                                                                                              Robert Butler ---------- Carpenter                                                                                                    William Carter --------- Stone Cutter                                                                                                William Grady --------- Wheelwright                                                                                                     George Cunningham --- Stonemason                                                                                                     James Hazel ----------- Plasterers Labourer                                                                                            Robert Humphries ----- Labourer                                                                                                               Michael Marley -------- Quarryman                                                                                                         John Pearce ------------ Waterman                                                                                                        Matthew Sellars -------- Brickmaker                                                                                                         James Turner ----------- Seaman                                                                                                            Evan Williams ---------- Carpenter                                                                                                        John McWade --------- Seaman                                                                                                                 James Winstanley ------ Shingle Splitter                                                                                                    Henry Allen ------------ Carpenter                                                                                                         James Byrnes ---------- Shoemaker                                                                                                         James Crow ----------- Shingler                                                                                                             William Francis -------- Sawyer                                                                                                                William Green --------- Bricklayer                                                                                                        William Hartlan -------- Dry Cooper                                                                                                       Charles Hubbard ------ Shoemaker                                                                                                        Lewis Lazarus --------- Sailor                                                                                                                  Michael Mills ---------- Seaman                                                                                                             Thomas Price ---------- Sailor                                                                                                                    William Sanders -------- Seaman                                                                                                      Thomas Warwick ------ Sawyer                                                                                                            John Williams ---------- Seaman                                                                                                                 John Welsh ------------ Seaman.                                                                                                                  The convicts were originally under the command of Lieutenant Miller, many of them were volunteers who hoped to gain their ticket-of-leave as a reward for helping to establish the new penal colony.                         Allan Cunningham.                                                                                                                             Allan Cunningham wrote in his journal: 'With a light breeze from the westward, we weighed anchor and quitted the harbor. And so they were underway, the settlement was yet to be sited and they only had old reports on which to rely for guidance.                                                                                                            Lt. Miller wrote to the Governor on the 30^th of September, 'We anchored here on the following evening of the 12^th instant within ¼ of a mile of Redcliffe Point. On the following day, I accompanied the Surveyor General to examine the best island in the bay which we found in no respect eligible, being small, swampy and without fresh water. On the 14^th, we selected here, apparently calculated in all respects to answer the wishes of his Excellency. [It was] well watered by a deep lagoon one hundred and fifty yards from the place marked out for the settlement.                                                                                                                       Temporary huts, for the shelter of the soldiers and convicts were constructed, as well as a temporary store as a repository for the ironmongery. The Commissariat Stores for the reception of the provision for the subsistence of the settlement were erected of logs, under the direction of Mr. Scott. The Commandant’s house, which had been brought from Port Jackson in frame, was also in progress. But [due to] the actual absence of parts and other frames not fitting together, much inconvenience had arisen. Obliging new materials to be cut by the sawyers, who were fully employed cutting weatherboards, scantling and rafters from the blue gum of these forests.                                                                                                                                 On the northern side of the creek, the gardens were laid out and the planting of vegetables commenced. Although there was a plentiful supply of water, a well was dug near the shore. The trees lining the path to the shore were marked on both sides so the soldiers would not lose their way”.      
Lt. Henry Miller. 
                                                                                             
The official party returned to Sydney aboard the ‘Amity’ and arrived there after a passage of only four days. John Oxley reported leaving the settlement in good health and spirits. The site of the settlement was dry and open to the sea breeze.                                                                             Governor Brisbane was pleased with the report and decided to visit Moreton Bay and the river that had been named after him. The chief Justice, John Macarthur and Francis Stephens accompanied the governor on the settlement first vice-regal visit to Moreton Bay. 

When they arrived, they found the settlement progressing well and the officials went sight seeing on the Brisbane River and marveled at its beauty. A site was fixed for a new town to be built on the river, a few miles upstream, the chief justice wanted to name it ‘Edenglassie’ but the name never stuck and the town became known by the same name as the Brisbane River.  Despite the fact that the new settlement had plenty of water, it was decided to look around for a new port. Redcliffe was too open to the weather and the ‘Amity’ almost came to grief while at anchor, she had to ride out a storm, about four miles offshore.                                                                         Cleveland was looked at but after wading through knee high mud at low tide, that thought was abandoned and the decision was made to take the settlement to Brisbane, the move was probably completed by the end of May 1825. A monument stands at Redcliffe to commemorate Matthew Flinders, John Oxley, Lieutenant Henry Miller and the convicts who opened up the City of Brisbane and the State of Queensland.

                           CONVICT RUNAWAYS IN THE BUSH 
From the arrival of the first fleet onward, convicts ran from the harshness of life in the penal colonies, many were to die at the hands of the natives and others were killed by drowning or other forms of misadventure.

Although the list of convicts shown here is only a small number of those who did run away, it is enough to show the desperation and suffering of the men who would not be chained. Some of the convicts who escaped to the bush found it relatively easy to live among the natives. The lifestyle while rough, to say the least, was somewhat better [for some] than remaining at the penal settlements. 

William Buckley [Murrangurk] 
In 1802, a thirty two-year-old 6 ft 6 inch Englishman from Macclesfield, Cheshire, ran away from the failed first settlement at Port Phillip. Buckley absconded in company with a few other convicts [about seven in number] and went to live with the local aboriginals.

Buckley was a huge man who outlived the other convicts that escaped with him and he spent the next 33 years with natives near Indented Head, Victoria. He was originally charged with desertion and was given life in the Australian Colony. When he came in from the wild, he was given a pardon and a yearly wage of 75 pounds, for assisting to interpret the ways of the new Victorian colony to the local aboriginal tribes. 

James Wilson [Bun-Bo-ee] 
James Wilson was also a convict from the Sydney settlement; he served out his sentence but then went to live among the Hawksbury river natives, for some reason, he preferred the wild side of life. Wilson was adopted by an old woman that recognised him as her son whom she thought returned from the dead. He received the name Bun-Bo-ee from his adoptive tribe and lived with them for many years until explorers, who wanted to find a way across the Blue Mountains, approached him. Although this attempt was a failure, Wilson received plaudits for his work among the natives.
Barringtons History of New South Wales, shows the intolerance and stupidity of some authors of old. That work states that ‘Bun-Bo-ee only managed to stay with the natives in the first place because he made them think that he was a spirit of a man long dead and that he convinced the decrepit old woman that he was the real Bun-Bo-ee’. Barringtons History also stated that the very tribe he had lived with for so many years killed Wilson. They gave as a reason; ‘he had raped his old aboriginal mother'.

This unworthy statement places that whole work in a very doubtful position. If the old lady were so ‘old and decrepit’, would it not be safe to assume that Wilson would have gone for a younger woman? It is very well known that tribal aboriginals at the time were very intelligent and that they had their superstitions just as the white world has theirs. Wilson may have died in an inter-tribal fight or due to illness but after having lived among them for many years, he certainly would have known what would prove dangerous for his well being. He knew only too well that Aboriginal law could be very harsh. Barringtons History perhaps decided that anyone who lived with natives must be evil and so came the comments. 

Pamphlet, Parsons and Finnegan. 
Perhaps the most interesting place in Australia for convict runaways was Queensland; the tropical climate and its distant location from the main settlements gave convicts and castaways isolation for years from the European settlements and landholders that very slowly, settled the tropics.
It is highly likely that one of the first men to live among the natives near Brisbane was also an intermediary between white and black, possibly aided escaping convicts to make a home among the wild tribes of Queensland. Thomas Pamphlet along with Parsons and Finnegan, had been part of a small timber-seeking group that had been caught in a storm near Sydney. Their boat was driven or drifted to a point near the Brisbane River where they made a landfall. Three of the original four men survived the storm and Pamphlet along with Finnegan and Parsons became the first white men to live along the Brisbane River. They found the Aboriginals joyful at having whites live among them for they were considered ghosts of departed relatives whom had returned to the tribe.

For native women who had become widows, it became a wonderful way to regain family pride and to have a man to hunt and fish for her and her children. The esteem shown to her by other women of the tribe would have been boundless.

 Pamphlet, after having been rescued from being cast away, was sentenced to seven years in the Moreton Bay settlement for larceny. He was one of the first convicts to be sent to that colony. As he already had a working knowledge of the language, he would have been very useful as an interpreter. He would have also been even more useful to those convicts, who did not want to remain in the harsh settlement commanded by the rather cruel commander, Patrick Logan.

It is thought that each time a man wanted to escape, he would first gain tuition from Pamphlet on the way he could be recognised and also in some of the language. Once this was completed, the convict could run knowing that he had some chance of surviving among the natives.

That this convict ‘underground’ existed is more than a possibility, in truth it is a high probability for almost all of the runaways ran north and not south or west, almost all of them remained with the Kabi Kabi tribe or one of their sub-groups. The convicts of the Moreton Bay settlement were able to escape with ease from their captors and were able to go among the natives and adapt to the lifestyle in a very short space of time.

Although history has told us little in the way of reality regarding the effect that Pamphlet had upon prisoners at Moreton Bay, especially from the convict side. We can see that even though they were poorly educated and were convicts, they were no less able to create a better way of life when they could no longer bear up to the cruelty administered by Logan. 

John Baker –Runaway. 
The convict ship ‘Malabar’ arrived in Sydney in 1821, aboard her was a 21-year-old convict, John Baker. He was sentenced to life for theft and upon arriving in Sydney, he was re-assigned to the Moreton Bay settlement at which place he arrived in 1825.
Baker was unhappy with his sentence and resolved to make his break in January 1826, he probably received intelligence reports from Thomas Pamphlet as to which way he should go and what to do in the case of running into the local tribesmen.
He wandered for many days along the banks of the Brisbane River until finally he was met by members of the Lockyer Valley tribe, who gave him food. While eating with them, an old woman ran forward and calling out, ‘Boraltchou’! ‘Boraltchou’! which Baker repeated back to her, he was soon to understand that the woman had claimed him as her son returned from the dead and she had called him by name. The simple act of repeating the word had given Baker an instant family and safety for as long as he needed it.
John Baker began his life roaming up and down the Lockyer Valley with his adoptive tribe, he became the first white man to visit the Gatton and Laidley areas and to wander the famous Darling Downs many years before its discoverer, John Cunningham, arrived on the scene.
On the 4^th of August 1840, John Baker walked back into the settlement and gave himself up to the Government officials. In November of that same year, he was made scout for Commandant Gorman whom Baker took through Gorman's Gap and up into the ranges to the Darling Downs.

Baker was pardoned and for many years, he worked as a scout, interpreter and advisor, his tribe were unable to accept the incursion of the many settlers who began taking over the Lockyer Valley and without his influence among them, terrorised the new arrivals. This continued until the natives were all finally exterminated. 

John Graham--Runaway 
On the 14^th of July 1827, John Graham escaped from Moreton Bay Penal Settlement and headed north toward the Glass House Mountains. He continued on to the north after finding no help forthcoming from aborigines until he arrived in the Noosa district, roughly 100 miles from the new colony.
He fell in with the Kabi Kabi people who inhabited the area and was recognised as the dead husband of a tribeswoman named Mamba. Her husband had been known as Moilow and this was the name given to John Graham on his joining with the tribe. Her two sons, Murrowdooling and Caravanti also agreed that this was indeed the returning spirit of their dead father and they readily accepted him as such.
Graham learned the language quickly and for the next six and a half years, he lived and hunted with the natives of the Tewantin and Maroochydore tribes, providing for his new family and keeping well away from any whites that might come exploring.
There were of course, other runaways in the bush at that time and he undoubtedly came into contact with them from time to time. There was perhaps even a help situation for those who chose to escape for it seemed rather easy for the men who did run away, to gain entry to the tribes outside of the penal settlement.
Graham's wife Mamba, died and this probably gave him reason to want to go back to civilisation, he waited until his sentence had expired before heading to Brisbane where he gave himself up. He did in fact arrive three days after the expiry of his sentence.
John Graham did not count on new laws being made, for in 1830, a law had been passed that any absconder would have to serve out the remainder of his sentence, no matter when he gave himself up. In November 1833, Graham was sentenced to serve out the rest of his time.
In August 1836, came news that a white woman and some white men were stranded among the blacks near Noosa, which is about 100 miles north of Brisbane. Graham quickly volunteered to accompany the rescue party, telling the authorities that he knew exactly where the whites were being held.
Graham was able to rescue four of the survivors from the vessel ‘Stirling Castle’ although his sole efforts in the rescue are in doubt, he did in fact help the whites to regain civilisation and for that he received a twenty-pound reward and his freedom. [See Eliza Fraser story in “Castaways on wild shores”] 

Samuel Derrington, runaway 
On the 22^nd of December 1827, another convict escaped the Moreton Bay penal colony. Samuel Derrington left Brisbane some five months after John Graham and like him, headed north to Toorbul then on to Caloundra and into Kabi Kabi territory.
By 1829, he had arrived at the Burnett river, having drifted from tribe to tribe learning the language and trying to be recognised as a returning spirit by one of the tribal families, he finally settled with a tribal group at Tin Can Bay.

Derrington found himself able to live quietly with the aborigines. He kept well away from any contact with white settlers, in an effort to see out his sentence in the bush. He soon developed into a good hunter and was initiated into the tribal ways and customs. He provided for himself and his new family as he went. Derrington spent 9 years with the Burnett River blacks who gave him the name “Tursi”, I believe that this man is the “Tallbois” that met with the mate of the ‘Stirling Castle’, John Baxter who was the 2^nd mate of the ‘Stirling Castle’ [see Eliza Fraser story] which vessel had been wrecked in 1836.

Samuel Derrington must have met or at least, seen Eliza Fraser [who was also on the ‘Stirling Castle’] when she was brought to Tin Can Bay, for soon after she was rescued, he headed back to the penal colony. Derrington had ran away because he had hated his treatment at the penal colony and it can only be surmised that he had hoped to be granted an end to his sentence for having helped the white woman to get back to civilization.
In early 1837, Derrington gave himself up telling the officials that he too, had been involved in the rescue of the white woman. He was not believed and was probably made to serve out his sentence. If Samuel Derrington did meet Eliza Fraser, she did not mention it to anyone except for one reference to “that other white man” about whom she was extremely angry.

It is almost impossible to believe that this man would put so much at risk if he had no contact with the survivors of the wreck, there was no reason for him to give himself up, unless he thought that he had a credible story to offer. Derrington was probably not the white man with whom Eliza Fraser was angry, this is reserved for our next convict escapee. Eliza Fraser was already headed back to England when Derrington turned himself in. It is highly probable that the convict runaways always had contact with the settlement through the natives who lived nearby. They were able to converse with the Kabi people and any information required from the settlement, would have been easy to procure via the bush telegraph. 

David Bracewell Runaway. 
David Bracewell was an enigma, he also, of the several escaped convicts in Queensland, can lay claim to the rescue of Eliza Fraser. Bracewell absconded from the Moreton Bay settlement on the 8^th of February 1831; he went north along the coast until he reached a tribe of aborigines, who were known as the Eumundi people.

Although it was only about 100 miles north and a little west of Moreton Bay, it was a good place for Bracewell as the Eumundi were a fierce group who were ruled by a tough old elder named Huon Mundi. Bracewell was given the name Turrawandi [Wandi] by that tribe and he lived with them for the next five years without interference from the settlement. When found some time later by timber seekers, Bracewell told them how he had rescued Eliza Fraser from the tribe who lived in the Tin Can Bay region about 50 miles further north. This area also had its resident ‘ghost’, Samuel Derrington, who had resided there for nine years. It is thought that he requested that the woman be brought to Tin Can Bay so that he could talk to her in the spirit language. His aboriginal name is thought to have been ‘Tursi’ or maybe he was the ‘Tallboi’ whom John Baxter met on Fraser Island. Bracewell also wanted a look at the white woman so he went to Tin Can Bay and during the night, he managed to sneak her away while the others were pre-occupied with a corroboree [dance]. Bracewell stated that he brought her to ‘Wa Wa’ [place of the crow] near Lake Cootharaba and then into the main camp of the Eumundi tribe. It is believed that Bracewell forced himself on Mrs. Fraser while bringing her back to his camp at Eumundi. He probably intended taking her back to the settlement, hoping that his sentence might be dismissed but his need to have the white woman must have been too intense. He later asked her to speak well for him when she got back to Brisbane but she angrily refused. That ended his chance of returning to freedom and civilisation.

Her concern that she was pregnant again, so soon after childbirth, gives rise to the fact that she was sexually active in the latter part of her stay among the aborigines. She asked the doctor about this only about two weeks later. This makes one suspicious of her sexuality; she had three previous full-term pregnancies and would have well known the symptoms. Eliza had lost her newborn some seven or eight weeks prior to her arrival in Brisbane and it was perhaps only because of the slight possibility, that she was concerned. But why was she so concerned after a one-time stand with Bracewell [of this fact we are unsure]. She had so little time with the men of the Kabi tribe and the only two possible white contacts are Derrington and Bracewell, both of whom she met in the last two days of her five-week sojourn among the natives.

David Bracewell was to remain with the Eumundi tribe for over eleven years. Andrew Petrie and Henry Stuart Russell at Noosa Heads found him in 1842, where he told them his story. When he had finished, they convinced him to come in from the wild. The penal settlement was no more and he would probably be made a free man. A strange point to the story is that Samuel Derrington immediately went to Moreton Bay, after Mrs. Fraser had left Brisbane in early 1837. He gave himself up to the officials, hoping to be rewarded for assisting in her safe return. The officials disregarded this story, and Derrington suffered the consequences. 

In turn, Bracewell was so afraid that Mrs. Fraser had made him look bad, that he remained with the aboigines for another 6 years. This points rather strongly to him having forced himself upon her, whilst travelling back from Tin Can Bay to Eumundi. Why did the officials disregard Derrington’s story? Simple: John Graham. He would and did not want anyone sharing in the rescue, he excluded all others and claimed that he alone rescued the woman. Whilst wanting his own freedom and with all the men who accompanied the rescue party on his side, the officials had no choice but to believe he had acted alone in her rescue. 

James Davis Runaway 
Born in Glasgow in 1814, James Davis was a tough looking, freckled, sandy haired, grey-eyed lad who was found guilty of stealing half a crown [25 cents] from a church collection box. He was sentenced to seven years and was transported to Australia.
He must have misbehaved while at the main Colony, for he was given three years on top of that which remained of his original sentence and was then sent to Moreton Bay to serve out his time. This colony was deemed the place to send misfits, as the tropics would soon quiet them. On the 30^th of March 1829, he ran away from the penal colony at Brisbane and, like the runaways before him, headed north to Kabi Kabi country He made his way to Toorbul and then onward to the tribes where other runaways had made their homes. These men believed it better, to stay well apart, so as to have a much better chance of keeping clear of the soldiers from the settlement.

When Davis escaped, he was forced to keep going north due to John Graham, Samuel Derrington and David Bracewell already being entrenched around the southern Wide Bay district. He arrived at the tribal area of the Ginginburra people who traversed a region that ran from Gympie in the south, almost to Rockhampton in the north. This was an area that was nearly 600 Kilometres and Davis is said to have walked that distance many times with his tribe. His adoptive father ‘Pamby Pamby’ gave James Davis the name Durramboi, after his dead son whom Pamby Pamby thought had returned. For many years, Davis was a well-respected member of the Ginginburra tribe; his name meant Kangaroo Rat, which was usually given to those who were small and fleet of foot. He certainly lived up to this; especially where any contact with whites was concerned. About 1842, David Bracewell was taken as a guide to an area north of Gympie and while searching for timber, he made contact with Davis who thought he had brought soldiers from the settlement.

This angered Davis who grabbed his spears and shouted a war challenge at Bracewell who immediately backed off and explained to Davis that he could come in from the bush for a pardon had been issued to all convicts as the penal colony had been discontinued. Davis accepted the welcome news and he too, returned to the settlement now known as Brisbane. He met and married a white woman and slowly became a respected member of the fledgling Society. He and his new wife opened a small Crockery shop in George Street, through smart use of his past life; he proceeded to increase his fortune. James Davis never disregarded his Aboriginal life and he received regular visits from his mixed race son who obviously loved his father very much. Davis is said to have married twice to white women before his own death. He left 10,000 pounds to the Brisbane Hospital and can be considered one of its founders. His portrait still proudly resides in the Royal Brisbane Hospital as a mark of respect to the ex convict; he died in Brisbane in 1889, aged about 75 years. James Davis also featured very strongly in the Barbara Crawford Thompson saga. [See Castaways or above advertisement] 

JOHN FAHEY NEW SOUTH WALES RUNAWAY. 
John Fahey was one of the last convicts to abscond from the authorities and he made his escape from Grose’s Farm where he was serving out his sentence. His master was obviously a hard taskmaster, for while working on the farm, which was situated at Monaro, New South Wales, he made his first attempt at absconding on the 6^th of March 1840. He was recaptured and then waited for over a year, before absconding again on the 11^th of November 1841. He was again recaptured. He finally he got clear away on the 24^th of April, 1842, making his way northward to the Blackall range, where he spent time in the Bunya Mountains. Here food was plentiful in and it was here that he finally met with his adoptive tribe. He and his tribe ranged over the same areas as Graham, Bracewell, Derrington and Davis. For over eleven years he enjoyed the protection of his tribe, who helped him to avoid capture on many occasions. In late December 1854, Lieutenant Bligh came upon him unexpectedly. John Fahey was immediately captured and as Bligh’s men held him, Fahey’s tribe began violently resisting the white men and for a time, it looked as if Bligh and his men would be beaten off. However, Fahey seemed glad to surrender and gave himself up without a very hard struggle. The day of the Mothervane [ghost] and the Dokkai [white aborigine] had gone, the natives no longer believed that these were the ghosts of their departed loved ones. Soon, the settlers no longer needed the convict escapees to act as guide or interpreter and the black wars began. All friends of the aborigines were suspect, perhaps with good reason, or because of the killing methods the white settlers were employing, the escapees went in fear of their own lives from members of the tribes with whom they resided. When Fahey returned to the settlement, he was given one year working on the chain gangs. It is from here that he disappears into history. 
Summation.
That the convicts who escaped from the penal colonies had, in Queensland at least, an underground network that afforded assistance to those who wished to escape, is undoubted. They were able to keep clear of the officials with ease and although they were not supposed to have knowledge of the Aboriginal language, they knew how to respond, so as to survive among them. Only one escaped convict appears to have died at the hands of aborigine's, with whom he had begun to live. Only some form of schooling in the language and native ways would have helped the escapees survive the rigours of tribal life.James Davis and David Bracewell were believed to have taken part in revenge attacks on a farm near Kilkoy owned by a man named McKenzie who is believed to have ordered his shepherds to give the local natives flour laced with the Arsenic.McKenzie then left the farm and headed for Brisbane and his shepherds distributed flour to a tribe of about 200 blacks. The natives were happy with their bags of flour and made off with them to their camp where they made up a form of bread. As the younger and stronger men were away hunting, the old, the very young and the women, were the ones to suffer and seventy [according to Official reports] old men, women and children died agonising deaths.Although it is unproven that Mr. McKenzie actually ordered the distribution of the poisoned flour. The fact remains that as owner of the station on which the natives were murdered and as employer of the men who were the distributors of death. Absolute responsibility for the death of so many women, children and aged persons, is and will always remain his.This event was so despised by the natives that a large group of warriors from all over the Wide Bay district went to Kilcoy and captured the two shepherds who worked for Mr. McKenzie’s farm.The shepherds were slaughtered on the spot and it is believed that Davis and Bracewell were with the angry tribesmen when the two men were killed. 

THE JOINING OF LAZARUS HOWLETT AND SARAH COPLEY 
To understand why people were convicted, in the greater number of cases, of such petty crimes and why they were given such heavy sentences, one must understand that England needed to control the southern latitudes to enable her to maintain control of the wealth gained from the East Indies. To do this, England had to have British citizens in position on a full time basis.

Australia had all the attributes required for a base in the Southern Hemisphere and it also had the world’s premier deep-water port. Its landmass was so large that control of both the South Pacific and Indian oceans would be easily accomplished. A sentence of less than the seven years meted out for even the paltriest reason would not be sufficient and would be too costly when the prisoners had to be returned.
Perhaps one of the better examples of the way, in which many convicts were first exported and then shaped into new settlers for a new continent, can be found in the tale of Lazarus Howlett and Sarah Copley. 
Lazarus Howlett 
Howlett was born to a farming family in 1800 and by the time he was 27 years old, had married and begun raising two children. He was employed as a farm hand and was, by later reports, a ‘good and well behaved fellow’. In July 1827, he was arrested by the Suffolk Town police and charged with Grand Larceny. He was brought to trial on the 24^th of July 1827 at the Ipswich sessions and his crime was one of stealing. He is alleged to have stolen one shaving brush from the stable of the farm at which he was employed, Lazarus Howlett was sentenced to 7 years transportation to the Australian Colony. His wife and children were left behind at the farm. Howlett was given a gaol report and he was described thus: 
Status; Married with 2 children. Wife: Lucy Howlett. Trade: Farmer-Ploughman. Age: 27 years. Height: 5ft 7inches. Complexion: Dark and ruddy. Head: Small. Hair: Dark brown. Whiskers. Small Visage: Oval. Forehead: Low. Eyebrows: Dark, arched and black. Eyes: Dark brown. Nose: Large, straight and thin. Mouth: Small. Chin: Narrow and pointed. Remarks: Ears pierced, scar on first knuckle of ring finger, left hand. Native of: Holbrook, Suffolk.
Howlett arrived at Hobart aboard the vessel ‘Woodford’ on the 25^th of August 1828 and was quickly settled into the way of the Tasmanian prison system. Like England, the rather overbearingly strict regimen placed on the lower classes by the ruling aristocracy was also in place in the new colonies. For what are now classed as irrelevant crimes, men were subjected to ridiculous, if they had not been so severe, stupidly childish punishments. Lazarus Howlett was assigned to a master in the trade he knew, farming. He was quickly on report for suspicion of having stolen a piece of bark belonging to his master, Mr. J. Petchey, on the 31^st of March, 1831.There was no prosecution for the crime as there was no real evidence, perhaps the tree grew it back. On the 6^th of February 1832, he was severely reprimanded for disobedience when he failed to take his master's horse to the farm when he was ordered to do so. On The 4th of May 1832, while assigned to a Mr. Jellicoe, Constable Smith of the local police charged him for being drunk at Kangaroo Point, Tasmania. The charge was dismissed when his overseer defended his character for sobriety. On the 13^th of March 1834, he was returned to the Public Works department and he returned to his earlier employment on the road gangs at Constitution Hill. He was ordered not to be re-assigned to the Richmond or Campbelltown Districts due to his neglect of duty in making way or allowing his masters property to be stolen and with having made bad connections in the Richmond district. Lazarus Howlett received his free certificate, No 215 in 1834 after completion of his six months on the road gang. On the 31^st of December 1836, Howlett applied to the Lieutenant Governor for the right to marry Sarah Copley, a convict. Permission was granted and they were married by Banns in St Luke’s Church of England in Richmond, Tasmania.
Lazarus Howlett was listed in the Census for the Richmond district in 1842, as living in a wooden house at Native Corners, Richmond. It also showed that residing with him, were two male children under the age of two years and one married female and two single females aged between 22 years and 45 years. 
Sarah Copley 
Sarah Copley was a single housemaid and needlewoman by trade and was reported to be of good behavior when she arrived in Hobart. She was tried at Somerset Quarter Sessions on the 23^rd of March 1835 for receiving stolen goods [chickens] and was sentenced to 7 years transportation along with her sister, Mary who was also transported at the same time.
Sarah Copley arrived at Hobart aboard the vessel ‘Hector’ on the 20^th of October 1835. She committed no Colonial offences and was reported by the gaol surgeon to be very well conducted. Her personal report runs: Height 5ft 1 and ¾ inches. Age 21 years. Complexion: Fair. Head: Small and oval. Hair: Dark brown. Eyes: Blue. Visage: Small. Forehead: High and round. Nose: Small. Mouth: Wide. Chin: Small. Freckled face. Native of Ponsford, Somerset. She received her ticket of leave on the 12^th of November 1839 and her free certificate number 567 in 1843. The Howlett's must have had a happy life in the new settlement as free persons. They went on to have eleven children over the twenty-year period 1838-1858. They had 7 male and 4 female children of whom, 5 remained in Tasmania and 6 settled in Victoria.
The two oldest sons, Charles and John Howlett were having financial problems at one stage of their farming careers so they gave themselves a helping hand by constructing a Still for making Spirits from Potatoes. Lazarus got back into the act by over drinking at the Richmond Hotel one evening and he began bragging that his sons made better Whisky than the Hotel was selling. This had a very bad effect for making Spirits was illegal and the boys had to decamp the still and after some trying times, John went to join two of his brothers who had left for Victoria.

The Howlett family went on to be very large and made up of working peoples in both Tasmania and Victoria. [As reported by Mr. Ted and Ina Howlett in 1979.] This report is not an unusual one, far be-it from that. In fact, there were hundreds just like this but that is why I have shown how a settlement system could be arranged among a people who are traditionally tied to their homeland.

Britain supplied peoples from both England and Ireland from the only way it could gain the manpower required the prison system. It is obvious that many thousands of people were fraudulently sent to the penal colonies on trumped up charges that were done so that the required personnel could be transported quickly enough to develop a settlement in the southern hemisphere before any other seapower [i.e.; France] could do so. Just as America was populated and settled, so too was Australia but one must feel for poor Lucy Howlett and her two small children left behind in England without husband or father. I wonder do the descendants of Lucy and Lazarus know what happened to their great grandparents?